A-Level Biology Specification

OCR A H420

Section 2.1.1: Cell structure

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#2.1.1a

the use of microscopy to observe and investigate different types of cell and cell structure in a range of eukaryotic organisms

To include an appreciation of the images produced by a range of microscopes; light microscope, transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope and laser scanning confocal microscope.

#2.1.1b

the preparation and examination of microscope slides for use in light microscopy

Including the use of an eye piece graticule and stage micrometer.
PAG 1

#2.1.1c

the use of staining in light microscopy

To include the use of differential staining to identify different cellular components and cell types.
PAG 1

#2.1.1d

the representation of cell structure as seen under the light microscope using drawings and annotated diagrams of whole cells or cells in sections of tissue

#2.1.1e

the use and manipulation of the magnification formula

\(\text{magnification} = \dfrac{\text{image size}}{\text{object size}}\)

#2.1.1f

the difference between magnification and resolution

To include an appreciation of the differences in resolution and magnification that can be achieved by a light microscope, a transmission electron microscope and a scanning electron microscope.

#2.1.1g

the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells and the functions of the different cellular components

To include the following cellular components and an outline of their functions: nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes, chloroplasts, plasma membrane, centrioles, cell wall, flagella and cilia.

#2.1.1h

photomicrographs of cellular components in a range of eukaryotic cells

To include interpretation of transmission and scanning electron microscope images.

#2.1.1i

the interrelationship between the organelles involved in the production and secretion of proteins

No detail of protein synthesis is required.

#2.1.1j

the importance of the cytoskeleton

To include providing mechanical strength to cells, aiding transport within cells and enabling cell movement.

#2.1.1k

the similarities and differences in the structure and ultrastructure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

PAG 1