Calculate the concentration of solutions in mol dm^–3 and convert concentration in g dm^–3 into mol dm^–3 and vice versa

Core Practical: Carry out an accurate acid-alkali titration, using burette, pipette and a suitable indicator

Carry out simple calculations using the results of titrations to calculate an unknown concentration of a solution or an unknown volume of solution required

Calculate the percentage yield of a reaction from the actual yield and the theoretical yield

Describe that the actual yield of a reaction is usually less than the theoretical yield and that the causes of this include:

a) incomplete reactions
b) practical losses during the experiment
c) competing, unwanted reactions (side reactions)

Recall the atom economy of a reaction forming a desired product

Calculate the atom economy of a reaction forming a desired product

Explain why a particular reaction pathway is chosen to produce a specified product, given appropriate data such as atom economy, yield, rate, equilibrium position and usefulness of by-products

Describe the molar volume, of any gas at room temperature and pressure, as the volume occupied by one mole of molecules of any gas at room temperature and pressure

(The molar volume will be provided as 24 dm³ or 24000 cm³ in calculations where it is required)

Use the molar volume and balanced equations in calculations involving the masses of solids and volumes of gases

Use Avogadro’s law to calculate volumes of gases involved in a gaseous reaction, given the relevant equation