GCSE Physics Specification

OCR B J259

Section P5.1: What is radioactivity?

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#P5.1.1

describe the atom as a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons, with the nuclear radius much smaller than that of the atom and with almost all of the mass in the nucleus

#P5.1.2

describe how and why the atomic model has changed over time to include the main ideas of Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr

#P5.1.3

recall the typical size (order of magnitude) of atoms and small molecules

#P5.1.4

recall that atomic nuclei are composed of both protons and neutrons, and that the nucleus of each element has a characteristic positive charge

#P5.1.5

recall that nuclei of the same element can differ in nuclear mass by having different numbers of neutrons, these are called isotopes

#P5.1.6

use the conventional representation to show the differences between isotopes, including their identity, charge and mass

#P5.1.7

recall that some nuclei are unstable and may emit alpha particles, beta particles, or neutrons, and electromagnetic radiation as gamma rays

#P5.1.8

relate emissions of alpha particles, beta particles, or neutrons, and gamma rays to possible changes in the mass or the charge of the nucleus, or both

#P5.1.9

use names and symbols of common nuclei and particles to write balanced equations that represent the emission of alpha, beta, gamma, and neutron radiations during radioactive decay

#P5.1.10

explain the concept of half-life and how this is related to the random nature of radioactive decay

#P5.1.11

calculate the net decline, expressed as a ratio, in a radioactive emission after a given (integral) number of half-lives

#P5.1.12

interpret activity-time graphs to find the half-life of radioactive materials