be able to use the equation density \(ρ = \dfrac{m}{V}\)

understand how to use the relationship upthrust = weight of fluid displaced

a) be able to use the equation for viscous drag (Stokes’ Law), \(F = 6πηrv\).
b) understand that this equation applies only to small spherical objects moving at low speeds with laminar flow (or in the absence of turbulent flow) and that viscosity is temperature dependent

CORE PRACTICAL 4: Use a falling-ball method to determine the viscosity of a liquid.

be able to use the Hooke’s law equation, \(∆F = k∆x\), where k is the stiffness of the object

understand how to use the relationships

- (tensile or compressive) stress = force/cross-sectional area
- (tensile or compressive) strain= change in length/original length
- Young modulus = stress/strain

a) be able to draw and interpret force-extension and force-compression graphs
b) understand the terms limit of proportionality, elastic limit, yield point, elastic deformation and plastic deformation and be able to apply them to these graphs

be able to draw and interpret tensile or compressive stress-strain graphs, and understand the term breaking stress

CORE PRACTICAL 5: Determine the Young modulus of a material

be able to calculate the elastic strain energy E_el in a deformed material sample, using the equation \(∆E_{el} = \dfrac{1}{2}F∆x\), and from the area under the force-extension graph

The estimation of area and hence energy change for both linear and non-linear force-extension graphs is expected.