#1.4i
Know the structure of DNA, including the structure of the nucleotides (purines and pyrimidines), base pairing, the two sugar-phosphate backbones, phosphodiester bonds and hydrogen bonds.
#1.4ii
Understand how DNA is replicated semi-conservatively, including the role of DNA helicase, polymerase and ligase.
#1.4iii
Know that a gene is a sequence of bases on a DNA molecule coding for a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
#1.4iv
Know the structure of mRNA including nucleotides, the sugar phosphate backbone and the role of hydrogen bonds.
#1.4v
Know the structure of tRNA, including nucleotides, the role of hydrogen bonds and the anticodon.
#1.4vi
Understand the processes of transcription in the nucleus and translation at the ribosome, including the role of sense and anti-sense DNA, mRNA, tRNA and the ribosomes.
#1.4vii
Understand the nature of the genetic code, including triplets coding for amino acids, start and stop codons, degenerate and non-overlapping nature, and that not all the genome codes for proteins.
#1.4viii
Understand the term gene mutation as illustrated by base deletions, insertions and substitutions.
#1.4ix
Understand the effect of point mutations on amino acid sequences, as illustrated by sickle cell anaemia in humans.