#9.3.1
Doppler effect
\(\dfrac{∆f}{f} = \dfrac{v}{c} \) and \(z = \dfrac{∆λ}{λ} = -\dfrac{v}{c} \) for \(v≪c\) applied to optical and radio frequencies.
Calculations on binary stars viewed in the plane of orbit.
Galaxies and quasars.
#9.3.2
Hubble's law
Red shift \(v = Hd \)
Simple interpretation as expansion of universe; estimation of age of universe, assuming H is constant.
Qualitative treatment of Big Bang theory including evidence from cosmological microwave background radiation, and relative abundance of hydrogen and helium.
#9.3.3
Quasars
Quasars as the most distant measurable objects.
Discovery of quasars as bright radio sources.
Quasars show large optical red shifts; estimation involving distance and power output.
Formation of quasars from active supermassive black holes.
#9.3.4
Detection of exoplanets
Difficulties in the direct detection of exoplanets.
Detection techniques will be limited to variation in Doppler shift (radial velocity method) and the transit method.
Typical light curve.