A-Level Biology Specification

AQA 7402

Section 8.2.2: Regulation of transcription and translation

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#8.2.2.1

In eukaryotes, transcription of target genes can be stimulated or inhibited when specific transcriptional factors move from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. The role of the steroid hormone, oestrogen, in initiating transcription.

#8.2.2.2

Epigenetic control of gene expression in eukaryotes.

#8.2.2.3

Epigenetics involves heritable changes in gene function, without changes to the base sequence of DNA. These changes are caused by changes in the environment that inhibit transcription by:

- increased methylation of the DNA or
- decreased acetylation of associated histones.

#8.2.2.4

The relevance of epigenetics on the development and treatment of disease, especially cancer.

#8.2.2.5

In eukaryotes and some prokaryotes, translation of the mRNA produced from target genes can be inhibited by RNA interference (RNAi).

#8.2.2.6

Students should be able to:

- interpret data provided from investigations into gene expression
- evaluate appropriate data for the relative influences of genetic and environmental factors on phenotype.