#3.2.3a
the principles of vaccination
To include the different forms of vaccines (live vaccine, dead microorganisms, pathogen fragments) and the importance of booster vaccinations.
#3.2.3b
the role of vaccination programmes in the prevention of epidemics
To include reference to the establishment of herd immunity.
#3.2.3c
the biological problems in the development of vaccines and the use of vaccination programmes
To include issues with vaccine development, mutation rate and antigen variability (e.g. in HIV and the influenza virus(es)) and live vaccines AND vaccine use – storage of vaccine, distribution of vaccine and the nutritional status of the target population e.g. if protein deficient.
#3.2.3d
the ethical issues related to the development and use of vaccines
To include the use of a vaccine in girls against Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) to prevent cervical cancer.
#3.2.3e
the use of antibiotics in the treatment of communicable disease
To include an outline of the modes of action of antibiotics e.g. inhibition of bacterial protein, DNA and cell wall synthesis AND the cellular differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that allow antibiotics to act on bacterial but not human cells.
#3.2.3f
how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the evolution of resistant strains of bacteria
To include reference to TB and MRSA.
#3.2.3g
practical investigation on the effect of antibiotics on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
To include bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal effects of antibiotics and the effects of disinfectant use and other hygiene practices.
PAG1, PAG7