#4.1a(i)
production of standing waves by waves travelling in opposite directions
Including graphical treatment
#4.1a(ii)
interference of waves from two slits
#4.1a(iii)
refraction of light at a plane boundary in terms of the changes in the speed of light and explanation in terms of the wave model of light
#4.1a(iv)
diffraction of waves passing through a narrow aperture
#4.1a(v)
diffraction by a grating
#4.1a(vi)
evidence that photons exchange energy in quanta \(E = hf \) (for example, one of light-emitting diodes, photoelectric effect and line spectra)
limitations of particle and wave models
#4.1a(vii)
quantum behaviour: quanta have a certain probability of arrival; the probability is obtained by combining amplitude and phase for all possible paths
#4.1a(viii)
evidence from electron diffraction that electrons show quantum behaviour.
#4.1b
Make appropriate use of:
(i) the terms: phase, phasor, amplitude, probability, interference, diffraction, superposition, coherence, path difference, intensity, electronvolt, refractive index, work function, threshold frequency.
#4.1c(i)
wavelength of standing waves
end corrections not required
#4.1c(ii)
Snell’s Law, \(n = \dfrac{\sin{i}}{\sin{r}} = \dfrac{C_{\text{1st medium}}}{C_{\text{2nd medium}}} \)
#4.1c(iii)
path differences for double slits and diffraction grating, for constructive interference \(nλ = d\sin{θ} \) (both limited to the case of a distant screen)
angles may be given in degrees or radians, the use of the small angle approximation is expected.
#4.1c(iv)
the energy carried by photons across the spectrum,
\(E = hf \)
#4.1c(v)
the wavelength of a particle of momentum p,
\(λ = \dfrac{h}{p} \)
As given by the de Broglie relationship
#4.1d(i)
using an oscilloscope to determine frequencies
links to 4.1a(i), PAG5
#4.1d(ii)
determining refractive index for a transparent block
links to 4.1c(ii), PAG6
#4.1d(iii)
superposition experiments using vibrating strings, sound waves, light and microwaves
links to 4.1a(i), b(i), c(i), PAG5
#4.1d(iv)
determining the wavelength of light with a double-slit and diffraction grating
links to 4.1a(ii), a(v), c(iii), PAG5
#4.1d(v)
determining the speed of sound in air by formation of stationary waves in a resonance tube
links to 4.1a(i), c(i), PAG5
#4.1d(vi)
determining the Planck constant using different coloured LEDs.
links to 4.1a(vi), c(iv), PAG6