#2.1.3a
the structure of a nucleotide as the monomer from which nucleic acids are made
To include the differences between RNA and DNA nucleotides, the identification of the purines and pyrimidines and the type of pentose sugar.
PAG10
#2.1.3b
the synthesis and breakdown of polynucleotides by the formation and breakage of phosphodiester bonds
#2.1.3c
the structure of ADP and ATP as phosphorylated nucleotides
Comprising a pentose sugar (ribose), a nitrogenous base (adenine) and inorganic phosphates.
#2.1.3d
(i) the structure of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
(ii) practical investigations into the purification of DNA by precipitation
To include how hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs (A to T, G to C) on two antiparallel DNA polynucleotides leads to the formation of a DNA molecule, and how the twisting of DNA produces its ‘double-helix’ shape.
PAG9
#2.1.3e
semi-conservative DNA replication
To include the roles of the enzymes helicase and DNA polymerase, the importance of replication in conserving genetic information with accuracy and the occurrence of random, spontaneous mutations.
#2.1.3f
the nature of the genetic code
To include the triplet, non-overlapping, degenerate and universal nature of the code and how a gene determines the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide (the primary structure of a protein).
#2.1.3g
transcription and translation of genes resulting in the synthesis of polypeptides
To include, the roles of RNA polymerase, messenger (m)RNA, transfer (t)RNA, ribosomal (r)RNA.