Explain why the test for any ion must be unique

Describe flame tests to identify the following ions in solids:

a) lithium ion, Li⁺ (red)
b) sodium ion, Na⁺ (yellow)
c) potassium ion, K⁺ (lilac)
d) calcium ion, Ca²⁺ (orange-red)
e) copper ion, Cu²⁺ (blue-green)

Describe tests to identify the following ions in solids or solutions as appropriate:

a) aluminium ion, Al³⁺
b) calcium ion, Ca²⁺
c) copper ion, Cu²⁺
d) iron(II) ion, Fe²⁺
e) iron(III) ion, Fe³⁺
f) ammonium ion, NH₄⁺

using sodium hydroxide solution

Describe the chemical test for ammonia

Describe tests to identify the following ions in solids or solutions as appropriate:

a) carbonate ion, CO₃^2–, using dilute acid and identifying the carbon dioxide evolved
b) sulfate ion, SO₄^2–, using dilute hydrochloric acid and barium chloride solution
c) chloride ion, Cl^–, bromide ion, Br^–, iodide ion, I^–, using dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate solution

Core Practical: Identify the ions in unknown salts, using the tests for the specified cations and anions in 9.2C, 9.3C, 9.4C, 9.5C

Identify the ions in unknown salts, using results of the tests above

Describe that instrumental methods of analysis are available and that these may improve sensitivity, accuracy and speed of tests

Evaluate data from a flame photometer:

a) to determine the concentration of ions in dilute solution using a calibration curve
b) to identify metal ions by comparing the data with reference data

(no knowledge of the instrument or how it works is required)