use ideas about correlation and cause to:

a) identify a correlation in data presented as text, in a table, or as a graph

b) distinguish between a correlation and a cause-effect link

c) suggest factors that might increase the chance of a particular outcome in a given situation, but do not invariably lead to it

d) explain why individual cases do not provide convincing evidence for or against a correlation

e) identify the presence (or absence) of a plausible mechanism as reasonable grounds for accepting (or rejecting) a claim that a factor is a cause of an outcome

describe and explain examples of scientific methods and theories that have developed over time and how theories have been modified when new evidence became available

describe in broad outline the ‘peer review’ process, in which new scientific claims are evaluated by other scientists

use a variety of models (including representational, spatial, descriptive, computational and mathematical models) to:

- solve problems
- make predictions
- develop scientific explanations and understanding
- identify limitations of models