recall and use the law of conservation of mass

explain any observed changes in mass in non-enclosed systems during a chemical reaction and explain them using the particle model

calculate relative formula masses of species separately and in a balanced chemical equation

recall and use the definitions of the Avogadro constant (in standard form) and of the mole

explain how the mass of a given substance is related to the amount of that substance in moles and vice versa and use the relationship:

\(\text{number of moles} = \dfrac{\text{mass of substance (g)}}{\text{relative formula mass (g/mol)}}\)

deduce the stoichiometry of an equation from the masses of reactants and products and explain the effect of a limiting quantity of a reactant

use a balanced equation to calculate masses of reactants or products

use arithmetic computation, ratio, percentage and multistep calculations throughout quantitative chemistry

carry out calculations with numbers written in standard form when using the Avogadro constant

change the subject of a mathematical equation

calculate the theoretical amount of a product from a given amount of reactant

calculate the percentage yield of a reaction product from the actual yield of a reaction

suggest reasons for low yields for a given procedure

describe the relationship between molar amounts of gases and their volumes and vice versa, and calculate the volumes of gases involved in reactions, using the molar gas volume at room temperature and pressure (assumed to be 24dm³)