compare ‘nano’ dimensions to typical dimensions of atoms and molecules

describe the surface area to volume relationship for different-sized particles and describe how this affects properties

describe how the properties of nanoparticulate materials are related to their uses including properties which arise from their size, surface area and arrangement of atoms in tubes or rings

explain the properties fullerenes and graphene in terms of their structures

explain the possible risks associated with some nanoparticulate materials including:

a) possible effects on health due to their size and surface area
b) reasons that there is more data about uses of nanoparticles than about possible health effects
c) the relative risks and benefits of using nanoparticles for different purposes

estimate size and scale of atoms and nanoparticles including the ideas that:

a) nanotechnology is the use and control of structures that are very small (1 to 100 nanometres in size)
b) data expressed in nanometres is used to compare the sizes of nanoparticles, atoms and molecules

interpret, order and calculate with numbers written in standard form when dealing with nanoparticles

use ratios when considering relative sizes and surface area to volume comparisons

calculate surface areas and volumes of cubes