discuss the potential importance for medicine of our increasing understanding of the human genome, including the discovery of alleles associated with diseases and the genetic testing of individuals to inform family planning and healthcare

describe genetic engineering as a process which involves modifying the genome of an organism to introduce desirable characteristics

describe the main steps in the process of genetic engineering

including:
- isolating and replicating the required gene(s)
- putting the gene(s) into a vector (e.g. a plasmid)
- using the vector to insert the gene(s) into cells
- selecting modified cells

explain some of the possible benefits and risks, including practical and ethical considerations, of using gene technology in modern agriculture and medicine