#C3.3a
explain reduction and oxidation in terms of loss or gain of oxygen, identifying which species are oxidised and which are reduced
the concept of oxidising agent and reducing agent
#C3.3b
explain reduction and oxidation in terms of gain or loss of electrons, identifying which species are oxidised and which are reduced
#C3.3c
recall that acids form hydrogen ions when they dissolve in water and solutions of alkalis contain hydroxide ions
#C3.3d
describe neutralisation as acid reacting with alkali or a base to form a salt plus water
#C3.3e
recognise that aqueous neutralisation reactions can be generalised to hydrogen ions reacting with hydroxide ions to form water
#C3.3f
recall that carbonates and some metals react with acids and write balanced equations predicting products from given reactants
#C3.3g
use and explain the terms dilute and concentrated (amount of substance) and weak and strong (degree of ionisation) in relation to acids
ratio of amount of acid to volume of solution
#C3.3h
recall that relative acidity and alkalinity are measured by pH
#C3.3i
describe neutrality and relative acidity and alkalinity in terms of the effect of the concentration of hydrogen ions on the numerical value of pH (whole numbers only)
pH of titration curves
#C3.3j
recall that as hydrogen ion concentration increases by a factor of ten the pH value of a solution decreases by a factor of one
#C3.3k
describe techniques and apparatus used to measure pH
the use of universal indicator and pH meters