recall that carbon can form four covalent bonds

explain that the vast array of natural and synthetic organic compounds occur due to the ability of carbon to form families of similar compounds, chains and rings

explain the properties of diamond, graphite, fullerenes and graphene in terms of their structures and bonding

use ideas about energy transfers and the relative strength of chemical bonds and intermolecular forces to explain the different temperatures at which changes of state occur

use data to predict states of substances under given conditions

data such as temperature and how this may be linked to changes of state

explain how the bulk properties of materials (ionic compounds; simple molecules; giant covalent structures; polymers and metals) are related to the different types of bonds they contain, their bond strengths in relation to intermolecular forces and the ways in which their bonds are arranged

recognition that the atoms themselves do not have the bulk properties of these materials

compare ‘nano’ dimensions to typical dimensions of atoms and molecules

describe the surface area to volume relationship for different-sized particles and describe how this affects properties

describe how the properties of nanoparticulate materials are related to their uses

explain the possible risks associated with some nanoparticulate materials