describe the relationship between health and disease

describe different types of diseases

communicable and non-communicable diseases

describe the interactions between different types of disease

HIV and tuberculosis; HPV and cervical cancer

explain how communicable diseases (caused by viruses, bacteria, protists and fungi) are spread in animals and plants

scientific quantities, number of pathogens, number of infected cases, estimating number of cases

explain how the spread of communicable diseases may be reduced or prevented in animals and plants

detection of the antigen, DNA testing, visual identification of the disease

describe a minimum of one common human infection, one plant disease and sexually transmitted infections in humans including HIV/AIDS

plant diseases: virus tobacco mosaic virus TMV, fungal Erysiphe graminis barley powdery mildew, bacterial Agrobacterium tumafaciens crown gall disease

describe physical plant defence responses to disease

leaf cuticle, cell wall

describe chemical plant defence responses

antimicrobial substances

describe different ways plant diseases can be detected and identified, in the lab and in the field

the laboratory detection of the DNA or antigen from the disease causing organism. The field diagnosis by observation and microscopy

explain how white blood cells and platelets are adapted to their defence functions in the blood

describe the non-specific defence systems of the human body against pathogens

explain the role of the immune system of the human body in defence against disease

describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced

describe some of the ways in which monoclonal antibodies can be used

their role in detecting antigens in pregnancy testing, detection of diseases (prostate cancer) and potentially treating disease (targeting cancer cells)

explain the use of vaccines and medicines in the prevention and treatment of disease

antibiotics, antivirals and antiseptics

explain the aseptic techniques used in culturing organisms

use of alcohol, flaming, autoclaving of glassware and growth media, and measures used to stop contaminants falling onto/into the growth media (e.g. working around a Bunsen burner)

describe the processes of discovery and development of potential new medicines

preclinical and clinical testing

recall that many non-communicable human diseases are caused by the interaction of a number of factors

cardiovascular diseases, many forms of cancer, some lung (bronchitis) and liver (cirrhosis) diseases and diseases influenced by nutrition, including type 2 diabetes

evaluate some different treatments for cardiovascular disease

lifestyle, medical and surgical

analyse the effect of lifestyle factors on the incidence of non-communicable diseases at local, national and global levels

lifestyle factors to include exercise, diet, alcohol and smoking

describe cancer as the result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division

discuss potential benefits and risks associated with the use of stem cells in medicine

tissue transplantation and rejection

explain some of the possible benefits and risks of using gene technology in medicine

practical and ethical considerations

discuss the potential importance for medicine of our increasing understanding of the human genome

the ideas of predicting the likelihood of diseases occurring and their treatment by drugs which are targeted to genomes