#3.14
understand that the genome is the entire DNA of an organism and that a gene is a section of a molecule of DNA that codes for a specific protein
#3.15
understand that the nucleus of a cell contains chromosomes on which genes arelocated
#3.16B
describe a DNA molecule as two strands coiled to form a double helix, the strands being linked by a series of paired bases: adenine (A) with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) with guanine (G)
#3.17B
understand that an RNA molecule is single stranded and contains uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)
#3.18B
describe the stages of protein synthesis including transcription and translation, including the role of mRNA, ribosomes, tRNA, codons andanticodons
#3.19
understand how genes exist in alternative forms called alleles which give rise to differences in inherited characteristics
#3.20
understand the meaning of the terms: dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, and genotype
#3.21B
understand the meaning of the term codominance
#3.22
understand that most phenotypic features are the result of polygenic inheritance rather than single genes
#3.23
describe patterns of monohybrid inheritance using a genetic diagram
#3.24
understand how to interpret family pedigrees
#3.25
predict probabilities of outcomes from monohybrid crosses
#3.26
understand how the sex of a person is controlled by one pair of chromosomes, XX in a female and XY in a male
#3.27
describe the determination of the sex of offspring at fertilisation, using a genetic diagram
#3.28
understand how division of a diploid cell by mitosis produces two cells that contain identical sets of chromosomes
#3.29
understand that mitosis occurs during growth, repair, cloning and asexual reproduction
#3.30
understand how division of a cell by meiosis produces four cells, each with half the number of chromosomes, and that this results in the formation of genetically different haploid gametes
#3.31
understand how random fertilisation produces genetic variation of offspring
#3.32
know that in human cells the diploid number of chromosomes is 46 and the haploid number is 23
#3.33
understand that variation within a species can be genetic, environmental, or a combination of both
#3.34
understand that mutation is a rare, random change in genetic material that can be inherited
#3.35B
understand how a change in DNA can affect the phenotype by altering the sequence of amino acids in a protein
#3.36B
understand how most genetic mutations have no effect on the phenotype, some have a small effect and rarely do they have a significant effect
#3.37B
understand that the incidence of mutations can be increased by exposure to ionising radiation (for example, gamma rays, x-rays and ultraviolet rays) and some chemical mutagens (for example, chemicals in tobacco)
#3.38
explain Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection
#3.39
understand how resistance to antibiotics can increase in bacterial populations, and appreciate how such an increase can lead to infections being difficult to control