know that the mole (mol) is the unit for amount of a substance

be able to use the Avogadro constant, L, (6.02 × 10²³ mol^-1) in calculations

know that the molar mass of a substance is the mass per mole of the substance in g mol^-1

know what is meant by the terms ‘empirical formula’ and ‘molecular formula’

be able to use experimental data to calculate

i) empirical formulae
ii) molecular formulae including the use of pV = nRT for gases and volatile liquids

Calculations of empirical formula may involve composition by mass or percentage composition by mass data.

be able to write balanced full and ionic equations, including state symbols, for chemical reactions

be able to calculate amounts of substances (in mol) in reactions involving mass, volume of gas, volume of solution and concentration

These calculations may involve reactants and/or products.

be able to calculate reacting masses from chemical equations, and vice versa, using the concepts of amount of substance and molar mass

be able to calculate reacting volumes of gases from chemical equations, and viceversa, using the concepts of amount of substance

be able to calculate reacting volumes of gases from chemical equations, and vice versa, using the concepts of molar volume of gases

CORE PRACTICAL 1: Measure the molar volume of a gas

be able to calculate solution concentrations, in mol dm^-3 and g dm^-3, including simple acid-base titrations using a range of acids, alkalis and indicators

The use of both phenolphthalein and methyl orange as indicators will be expected.

CORE PRACTICAL 2: Prepare a standard solution from a solid acid and use it to find the concentration of a solution of sodium hydroxide

CORE PRACTICAL 3: Find the concentration of a solution of hydrochloric acid

be able to:

i) calculate measurement uncertainties and measurement errors in experimental results
ii) comment on sources of error in experimental procedures

understand how to minimise the percentage error and percentage uncertainty in experiments involving measurements

be able to calculate percentage yields and percentage atom economies using chemical equations and experimental results

\(\text{Atom economy of a reaction} = \dfrac{\text{molar mass of the desired product}}{\text{sum of the molar masses of all products}} × 100\%\)

be able to relate ionic and full equations, with state symbols, to observations from simple test tube reactions, to include:

i) displacement reactions
ii) reactions of acids
iii) precipitation reactions

understand risks and hazards in practical procedures and suggest appropriate precautions where necessary