#3.1.1a
the cell cycle
To include the processes taking place during interphase (G1, S and G2), mitosis and cytokinesis, leading to genetically identical daughter cells.
#3.1.1b
(i) the changes that take place in the nuclei and cells of animals and plants during mitosis
To include the changes in the nuclear envelope and the behaviour of the centrioles, spindle fibres, centromere, chromatids and chromosomes, and the formation of the cell plate in plant cells.
(ii) the microscopic appearance of cells undergoing mitosis
To include the examination and drawing of stained sections or squashes of plant tissue and the identification of the stages observed.
PAG1
#3.1.1c
the principal stages and features of apoptosis
To include cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation (pyknosis), blebs, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), the roles of phosphatidylserine and macrophages.
#3.1.1d
the importance of apoptosis and mitosis in growth and repair
To include examples of the roles of apoptosis in cell deletion and mitosis in cell addition.
#3.1.1e
(i) the differentiation of stem cells into specialised cells
To include an appreciation of the differences between totipotent, pluripotent and multipotent stem cells, and the differentiation of bone marrow stem cells into specialised blood cells.
(ii) current applications and uses of stem cells
To include the use of bone marrow stem cells.