#2.2.1a
the need for a mass transport system in mammals
\(\text{Ratio} = \dfrac{\text{Surface Area}}{\text{Volume}}\)
To include references to a high basal metabolic rate, being multicellular and the significance of surface area to volume ratio.
#2.2.1b
(i) the internal and external structure of the mammalian heart
PAG2
(ii) the examination, dissection and drawing of the mammalian heart
#2.2.1c
the cardiac cycle
To include the role of the valves and the pressure changes occurring in the heart and associated vessels.
#2.2.1d
how heart action is initiated and co-ordinated
To include the roles of the sino-atrial node (SAN), atrio-ventricular node (AVN), purkyne tissue and the myogenic nature of cardiac muscle (no detail on hormonal and nervous control is required at AS level but at A level this is covered in 5.3.1(b)).
#2.2.1e
practical investigation(s) into the factors affecting heart rate
To include the effect of exercise.
PAG10, PAG11
#2.2.1f
the effect of heart rate on cardiac output
To include calculations based on heart rate and stroke volume.
\(\text{cardiac output} = \text{heart rate} × \text{stroke volume}\)
PAG10, PAG11
#2.2.1g
the measurement and interpretation of pulse rate, to include the generation of primary data and the use of secondary data
PAG10, PAG11
#2.2.1h
the use and interpretation of an electrocardiogram (ECG)
To include tachycardia, bradycardia, S-T elevation and fibrillation.
#2.2.1i
the emergency treatment given to a person suffering a suspected heart attack or cardiac arrest
To include the first-aid treatment for a heart attack and cardiac arrest AND the use of a defibrillator following cardiac arrest.