#5.5.3a
distances measured in astronomical unit (AU), light-year (ly) and parsec (pc)
#5.5.3b
stellar parallax; distances the parsec (pc)
#5.5.3c
the equation \(p = \dfrac{1}{d} \) where p is the parallax in seconds of arc and d is the distance in parsec
#5.5.3d
the Cosmological principle; universe is homogeneous, isotropic and the laws of physics are universal
#5.5.3e
Doppler effect; Doppler shift of electromagnetic radiation
#5.5.3f
Doppler equation \(\dfrac{Δλ}{λ} ≈ \dfrac{Δf}{f} ≈\dfrac{v}{c} \) for a source ofelectromagnetic radiation moving relative to an observer
#5.5.3g
Hubble’s law; \(v ≈ H_0d\) for receding galaxies, where H0 is the Hubble constant
#5.5.3h
model of an expanding universe supported by galactic red shift
#5.5.3i
Hubble constant H0 in both kms–1Mpc–1 and s–1 units
#5.5.3j
the Big Bang theory
#5.5.3k
experimental evidence for the Big Bang theory from microwave background radiation at a temperature of 2.7 K
#5.5.3l
the idea that the Big Bang gave rise to the expansion of space-time
#5.5.3m
estimation for the age of the universe;
\(t ≈ H_0^{-1} \)
#5.5.3n
evolution of the universe after the Big Bang to the present
#5.5.3o
current ideas; universe is made up of dark energy, dark matter, and a small percentage of ordinary matter.