force–extension (or compression) graph; work done is area under graph

elastic potential energy;
$E = \dfrac{1}{2}Fx$; $E = \dfrac{1}{2}kx^2$

stress, strain and ultimate tensile strength

(i) $\text{Young modulus} = \dfrac{\text{tensile stress}}{\text{tensile strain}}$,
$E = \dfrac{σ}{ε}$

(ii) techniques and procedures used to determine the Young modulus for a metal

PAG2

stress–strain graphs for typical ductile, brittle and polymeric materials

elastic and plastic deformations of materials.

PAG2