GCSE Biology OCR B J257

a) describe ways in which diseases, including plant diseases, can be detected and identified, in the lab and in the field

b) describe how to use a light microscope to observe microorganisms PAG1

describe and explain the aseptic techniques used in culturing organisms PAG7

calculate cross-sectional areas of bacterial cultures and of clear zones around antibiotic discs on agar jelly using $πr^2$PAG7

**describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced

including the following steps:

• antigen injected into an animal
• antibody-producing cells taken from animal
• cells producing the correct antibody selected then cultured**

**describe some of the ways in which monoclonal antibodies can be used in diagnostic tests **