GCSE Chemistry AQA 8462

**Moles

Chemical amounts are measured in moles. The symbol for the unit mole is mol.

The mass of one mole of a substance in grams is numerically equal to its relative formula mass.

One mole of a substance contains the same number of the stated particles, atoms, molecules or ions as one mole of any other substance.

The number of atoms, molecules or ions in a mole of a given substance is the Avogadro constant. The value of the Avogadro constant is 6.02 x 10²³ per mole.

Students should understand that the measurement of amounts in moles can apply to atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, formulae and equations, for example that in one mole of carbon (C) the number of atoms is the same as the number of molecules in one mole of carbon dioxide (CO₂). hrStudents should be able to use the relative formula mass of a substance to calculate the number of moles in a given mass of that substance and vice versa.**

**Amounts of substances in equations

The masses of reactants and products can be calculated from balanced symbol equations.

Chemical equations can be interpreted in terms of moles. For example:

$Mg + 2HCI → MgCI_2 + H_2$

shows that one mole of magnesium reacts with two moles of hydrochloric acid to produce one mole of magnesium chloride and one mole of hydrogen gas.

Students should be able to:

• calculate the masses of substances shown in a balanced symbol equation
• calculate the masses of reactants and products from the balanced symbol equation and the mass of a given reactant or product.**

**Using moles to balance equations

The balancing numbers in a symbol equation can be calculated from the masses of reactants and products by converting the masses in grams to amounts in moles and converting the numbers of moles to simple whole number ratios.

Students should be able to balance an equation given the masses of reactants and products.

Students should be able to change the subject of a mathematical equation.**

**Limiting reactants

In a chemical reaction involving two reactants, it is common to use an excess of one of the reactants to ensure that all of the other reactant is used. The reactant that is completely used up is called the limiting reactant because it limits the amount of products.

Students should be able to explain the effect of a limiting quantity of a reactant on the amount of products it is possible to obtain in terms of amounts in moles or masses in grams.**

Concentration of solutions

Many chemical reactions take place in solutions. The concentration of a solution can be measured in mass per given volume of solution, eg grams per dm³ (g/dm³).

Students should be able to:

• calculate the mass of solute in a given volume of solution of known concentration in terms of mass per given volume of solution - explain how the mass of a solute and the volume of a solution is related to the concentration of the solution.