(i) the relationships between cells, tissues and organs in the mammalian gas exchange system
To include the appearance and the histology of squamous epithelial cells in the alveoli, ciliated epithelial tissue, smooth muscle, cartilage and elastic fibres.
(ii) observations of tissues of the gas exchange system using microscopy
PAG1
the process of gas exchange in the alveoli
To include the roles of ventilation, epithelial tissue, smooth muscle, cartilage, elastic fibres, blood capillaries and surfactant in the establishment and maintenance of concentration gradients.
the parameters affecting pulmonary ventilation
To include consideration of tidal volume, breathing rate, vital capacity, residual volume, PEFR and FEV1(no detail of the use of a spirometer is required). PAG10
how expired air resuscitation can be carried out on adults, children and babies in cases of respiratory arrest
To include reference to both manual and electronic methods.
the process of gas exchange in terrestrial plants
To include the diffusion of gases between the atmosphere and intercellular spaces of leaves via stomata and through the lenticels of stems.
(i) the structure of stomata, their opening and closing
To include reference to changes in turgor and water potential of guard cells and the need for ATP.
(ii) the microscopic appearance of stomata
To include the appearance of stomata in the leaves of different terrestrial plants. PAG1