potential difference (p.d.); the unit volt
potential difference (p.d.); the unit volt
electromotive force (e.m.f.) of a source such as a cell or a power supply
Epsilon is used as the symbol for e.m.f. to avoid confusion with E which is used for energy and electric field. The ASE guide ‘Signs symbols and systematics’ details E as the correct symbol for e.m.f. and this will be credited in all examinations.
distinction between e.m.f. and p.d. in terms of energy transfer
energy transfer; ;
energy transfer for electrons and other charged particles.