recall the importance of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compounds in agricultural production
recall the importance of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compounds in agricultural production
explain the importance of the Haber process in agricultural production and the benefits and costs of making and using fertilisers, including:
a) the balance between demand and supply of food worldwide b) the sustainability and practical issues of producing and using synthetic and natural fertilisers on a large scale c) the environmental impact of over-use of synthetic fertilisers (eutrophication)
**explain how the commercially used conditions for the Haber process are related to the availability and cost of raw materials and energy supplies, control of equilibrium position and rate including:
a) the sourcing of raw materials and production of the feedstocks; nitrogen (from air), and hydrogen (from natural gas and steam) b) the effect of a catalyst, temperature and pressure on the yield and rate of reaction c) the separation of the ammonia and recycling of unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen**
**explain the trade-off between rate of production of a desired product and position of equilibrium in some industrially important processes **
define the atom economy of a reaction
calculate the atom economy of a reaction to form a desired product from the balanced equation using the formula:
use arithmetic computation when calculating atom economy
explain why a particular reaction pathway is chosen to produce a specified product given appropriate data such as atom economy (if not calculated), yield, rate, equilibrium position, usefulness of by-products and evaluate the sustainability of the process
describe the industrial production of fertilisers as several integrated processes using a variety of raw materials and compare with laboratory syntheses. including:
a) demand for fertilisers (including ammonium sulfate) is often met from more than one process b) some fertilisers are made as a bi-product or waste product of another process c) process flow charts are used to summarise industrial processes and give information about raw materials, stages in the process, products, by-products and waste d) lab processes prepare chemicals in batches, industrial processes are usually continuous
compare the industrial production of fertilisers with laboratory syntheses of the same products