describe the relationship between health and disease
describe the relationship between health and disease
describe different types of diseases
communicable and non-communicable diseases
describe the interactions between different types of disease
HIV and tuberculosis; HPV and cervical cancer
explain how communicable diseases (caused by viruses, bacteria, protists and fungi) are spread in animals and plants
scientific quantities, number of pathogens, number of infected cases, estimating number of cases
explain how the spread of communicable diseases may be reduced or prevented in animals and plants
detection of the antigen, DNA testing, visual identification of the disease
describe a minimum of one common human infection, one plant disease and sexually transmitted infections in humans including HIV/AIDS
plant diseases: virus tobacco mosaic virus TMV, fungal Erysiphe graminis barley powdery mildew, bacterial Agrobacterium tumafaciens crown gall disease
describe physical plant defence responses to disease
leaf cuticle, cell wall
describe chemical plant defence responses
antimicrobial substances
**describe different ways plant diseases can be detected and identified, in the lab and in the field
the laboratory detection of the DNA or antigen from the disease causing organism. The field diagnosis by observation and microscopy**
explain how white blood cells and platelets are adapted to their defence functions in the blood
describe the non-specific defence systems of the human body against pathogens
explain the role of the immune system of the human body in defence against disease
describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced
**describe some of the ways in which monoclonal antibodies can be used
their role in detecting antigens in pregnancy testing, detection of diseases (prostate cancer) and potentially treating disease (targeting cancer cells)**
explain the use of vaccines and medicines in the prevention and treatment of disease
*antibiotics, antivirals and antiseptics *
explain the aseptic techniques used in culturing organisms
use of alcohol, flaming, autoclaving of glassware and growth media, and measures used to stop contaminants falling onto/into the growth media (e.g. working around a Bunsen burner)
describe the processes of discovery and development of potential new medicines
preclinical and clinical testing
recall that many non-communicable human diseases are caused by the interaction of a number of factors
cardiovascular diseases, many forms of cancer, some lung (bronchitis) and liver (cirrhosis) diseases and diseases influenced by nutrition, including type 2 diabetes
evaluate some different treatments for cardiovascular disease
lifestyle, medical and surgical
analyse the effect of lifestyle factors on the incidence of non-communicable diseases at local, national and global levels
lifestyle factors to include exercise, diet, alcohol and smoking
describe cancer as the result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division
discuss potential benefits and risks associated with the use of stem cells in medicine
tissue transplantation and rejection
explain some of the possible benefits and risks of using gene technology in medicine
practical and ethical considerations
discuss the potential importance for medicine of our increasing understanding of the human genome
the ideas of predicting the likelihood of diseases occurring and their treatment by drugs which are targeted to genomes